Publisher's Synopsis
Despite the fact that religious extremism is a contentious issue at the moment, it is frequently reduced to a one-dimensional concept that is connected to religious violence. We contend that the term "extreme" as it is now used does not adequately describe the various interpretations, beliefs, and attitudes that define extreme religious identity. In order to solve this problem, we explore the meaning of the word "extreme" in religious contexts and respond to academics' requests for a more thorough framework that takes into account all of the various aspects of religion. Based on the diversity of Islamic groups in Indonesia, we develop a model of religious extremism in the theological, ritualistic, social, and political components of religion. Beyond a study that links violent Muslim extremism with extremism in general, we suggest that argues that Muslims (or, for that matter, any religious organization) can be radical in some aspects while being moderate in others, such as being extreme in ritual and moderate in politics. When addressing the global problem of religious extremism, understanding extremism in relation to these four aspects offers fresh perspectives and makes it easier to anticipate how religious extremism may manifest. More broadly, our theory contributes to the development of a radicalism understanding that goes beyond a focus on violence.
Labeling people or groups as extremists is frequently inaccurate. The term has a limited derogatory connotation that all too frequently links extremism to terrorism (e.g., the Bali bombings, or the Paris attacks). Inability to comprehend the complexity of religious extremism increases the risk of labeling some religious organizations as violent and illogical when this is not the case. These unfavorable stereotypes can result in division, loss of status, and discrimination, as well as resource waste in counterterrorism initiatives that are poorly targeted and wasted political capital. We anticipate that a deeper comprehension of religious fanaticism will lead to more insightful discussion and nuanced debate. Understanding the complexity of religion in relation to religious extremism would aid in accurately describing this issue and making it easier for academics to comprehend the multifaceted nature of religion.
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