Publisher's Synopsis
Protein synthesis is one of the most fundamental biological processes by which individual cells build their specific proteins. Within the process are involved both DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and different in their function ribonucleic acids (RNA). The process is initiated in the cell's nucleus, where specific enzymes unwind the needed section of DNA, which makes the DNA in this region accessible and a RNA copy can be made. This RNA molecule then moves from the nucleus to the cell cytoplasm, where the actual the process of protein synthesis take place. All cells function through their proteins. Protein function is defined by their molecular function, localization within cell and involvement in a particular biological process. All components of protein function are defined by the exact composition, structure and conformation of the proteins, which is encrypted within the DNA region (called locus) encoding that protein. With the process of protein synthesis biological cells generate new proteins, which on the other hand is balanced by the loss of cellular proteins via degradation or export. Protein synthesis is a series of chemical reactions in which molecules are brought into contact with one another and chemical bonds are formed and broken. The key event in protein synthesis is the formation of bonds between adjacent amino acids in the protein and the breaking of bonds between the same amino acids and the tRNA molecules that first bring the amino acids to the ribosomes. The function of the ribosome is to bind the tRNA molecules and then move through the ribosome. As the tRNAs are moved, the ribosome's configuration brings the amino acids into contact and then severs the bonds between tRNA and amino acid. In a general sense, RNA is acting as an enzyme that catalyzes the reactions that form the amino acid chain. The process of protein synthesis takes place in multiple ribosomes simultaneous and all throughout the cell cytoplasm. A living cell can synthesize hundreds of different proteins every single second. This book collects together methods and protocols covering a range of different approaches towards understanding how the cellular machinery accomplishes this task and how these functions might be harnessed by the biotechnology industry to generate novel and useful proteins. Different methods used for measuring protein turnover in liver and skeletal muscle are described, with special emphasis on technical and practical aspects and the advantages and limitations of different techniques. In vivo techniques are preferred when accurate absolute values of protein turnover rates are desired. In vitro techniques offer the advantage of standardized conditions, maintaining strict control of substrate and hormone concentrations, and eliminating complicating interactions with other tissues. For several in vitro techniques, a good correlation has been demonstrated between relative changes in protein turnover in vitro and in vivo in different conditions. Protein synthesis is one of the most fundamental biological processes by which individual cells build their specific proteins. Within the process are involved both DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and different in their function ribonucleic acids (RNA). The process is initiated in the cell's nucleus, where specific enzymes unwind the needed section of DNA, which makes the DNA in this region accessible and a RNA copy can be made. This RNA molecule then moves from the nucleus to the cell cytoplasm, where the actual the process of protein synthesis take place. All cells function through their proteins. Protein function is defined by their molecular function, localization within cell and involvement in a particular biological process. All components of protein function are defined by the exact composition, structure and conformation of the proteins, which is encrypted within the DNA region (called locus) encoding that protein. With the process of protein synthesis biological cells generate new proteins, which on the other hand is balanced by the loss of cellular proteins via degradation or export. Protein synthesis is a series of chemical reactions in which molecules are brought into contact with one another and chemical bonds are formed and broken. The key event in protein synthesis is the formation of bonds between adjacent amino acids in the protein and the breaking of bonds between the same amino acids and the tRNA molecules that first bring the amino acids to the ribosomes. The function of the ribosome is to bind the tRNA molecules and then move through the ribosome. As the tRNAs are moved, the ribosome's configuration brings the amino acids into contact and then severs the bonds between tRNA and amino acid. In a general sense, RNA is acting as an enzyme that catalyzes the reactions that form the amino acid chain. The process of protein synthesis takes place in multiple ribosomes simultaneous and all throughout the cell cytoplasm. A living cell can synthesize hundreds of different proteins every single second. This book collects together methods and protocols covering a range of different approaches towards understanding how the cellular machinery accomplishes this task and how these functions might be harnessed by the biotechnology industry to generate novel and useful proteins. Different methods used for measuring protein turnover in liver and skeletal muscle are described, with special emphasis on technical and practical aspects and the advantages and limitations of different techniques. In vivo techniques are preferred when accurate absolute values of protein turnover rates are desired. In vitro techniques offer the advantage of standardized conditions, maintaining strict control of substrate and hormone concentrations, and eliminating complicating interactions with other tissues. For several in vitro techniques, a good correlation has been demonstrated between relative changes in protein turnover in vitro and in vivo in different conditions. Protein synthesis is one of the most fundamental biological processes by which individual cells build their specific proteins. Within the process are involved both DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and different in their function ribonucleic acids (RNA). The process is initiated in the cell's nucleus, where specific enzymes unwind the needed section of DNA, which makes the DNA in this region accessible and a RNA copy can be made. This RNA molecule then moves from the nucleus to the cell cytoplasm, where the actual the process of protein synthesis take place. All cells function through their proteins. Protein function is defined by their molecular function, localization within cell and involvement in a particular biological process. All components of protein function are defined by the exact composition, structure and conformation of the proteins, which is encrypted within the DNA region (called locus) encoding that protein. With the process of protein synthesis biological cells generate new proteins, which on the other hand is balanced by the loss of cellular proteins via degradation or export. Protein synthesis is a series of chemical reactions in which molecules are brought into contact with one another and chemical bonds are formed and broken. The key event in protein synthesis is the formation of bonds between adjacent amino acids in the protein and the breaking of bonds between the same amino acids and the tRNA molecules that first bring the amino acids to the ribosomes. The function of the ribosome is to bind the tRNA molecules and then move through the ribosome. As the tRNAs are moved, the ribosome's configuration brings the amino acids into contact and then severs the bonds between tRNA and amino acid. In a general sense, RNA is acting as an enzyme that catalyzes the reactions that form the amino acid chain. The process of protein synthesis takes place in multiple ribosomes simultaneous and all throughout the cell cytoplasm. A living cell can synthesize hundreds of different proteins every single second. This book collects together methods and protocols covering a range of different approaches towards understanding how the cellular machinery accomplishes this task and how these functions might be harnessed by the biotechnology industry to generate novel and useful proteins. Different methods used for measuring protein turnover in liver and skeletal muscle are described, with special emphasis on technical and practical aspects and the advantages and limitations of different techniques. In vivo techniques are preferred when accurate absolute values of protein turnover rates are desired. In vitro techniques offer the advantage of standardized conditions, maintaining strict control of substrate and hormone concentrations, and eliminating complicating interactions with other tissues. For several in vitro techniques, a good correlation has been demonstrated between relative changes in protein turnover in vitro and in vivo in different conditions.
