Publisher's Synopsis
Chapter 1Scientific morality and scientist behavioral relationshipi. What is scientific research meaning?Scientific research is a systematic investigation to establish facts. An attempt to find out something in a systematic and scientific manner. A systematic investigation designed to develop knowledge and a focused systematic study undertaken to increase new knowledge or understanding. It is the collection of information about a particular subject. ii. Why scientists need to concern morality ?An enquiry that involves seeking evidence to increase knowledge. For a biomedical scientist example, who needs to share between different research disciplines, such as the need for some methodology, will be interpreted in significantly different ways. His research aimed to demonstrate the phenomenon of human conditioning by conditioning an 11 months old infant to fear rats by associating, then with fear inducing circumstances, such as a loud noise; biomedical experiments include freezing to induce hypothermia, infection of research subjects with malaria and tuberculosis (TB) and many consent of the research subjects and often leading predictably or extreme gain, mutilation and death. This issues are unmoral bad result. Hence, biomedical scientists need to concern whether whose scientific research is moral to society. iii. How to teach scientific morality to students?For another example, biological scientific research, a mixed method design was to address the issue of effectiveness of ethical frameworks in enabling students to develop ethical reasoning skills in year 10 biotechnology program. This ten weeks program, focused a gene technology, genetically modified foods, genetic engineering and reproductive technologies. Each student attended to do experimental design quantitative data from the pre and post program questionnaires were used to determine the effectiveness in the use of the ethical frameworks. The questionnaires assessed the student's understanding and ethical thinking, attitude and opinions of biology scientific knowledge and ended with a section on the student's religious faith.iv. What is morality meaning?Morality means manner, character, proper behavior" to be judged whether the scientist's behavior is the differentiation of intentions, decisions, and actions between those that are distinguished as proper and those that are improper by the acceptable standard of the society. Morality can be a body of standards or principles derived from a code of conduct from a particular philosophy, religion, or culture, or it can derive from a standard that a person believes should be universal. Morality may also be specifically synonymous with "goodness" or "rightness." Moral philosophy includes moral ontology, or the origin of morals, as well as moral epistemology, or knowledge about morals. Different systems of expressing morality have been proposed, including deontological ethical systems which adhere to a set of established rules, and normative ethical systems which consider the merits of actions themselves. However, immorality is the active opposition to morality (i.e. opposition to that which is good or right), while amorality is variously defined as an unawareness of, indifference toward, or disbelief in any set of moral standards or principles.v. What is scientific morality and medical professionals relationship?Beauchamp T. L., & Childress J.F. (2001) defined that ''ethic is the moral reasoning of actions. For example, Why medical ethics is important? Medical professionals increasingly find themselves confronted with moral questions, e.g. ethic guideline address special medical services, such as blood transfusions and health services and health care for patients living with HIV/AIDS ethical issues that arise a clinical medicine. It addresses justice, equity and access to medical care. It also focuses on general duties of doctors, dentists and pharmacists."
